History of Electrocardiography Machine Essay

History of electrocardiography prevails over two centuries as an intellectual exercise as the assist of inventing an electrocardiogram started with the Galvanis idea of animal electricity. In 1842 this idea was advertise reinforced by Italian physicist Carlo Matteucci who illustrated by his experiments that electric current could be quantified from inactive heart muscle. German physiologist Emil Dubois-Reymond further explored this phenomenon and confirmed Carlo Matteuccis ratiocination and labeled this changing current in the resting muscle as march potential.He further developed a device that could return stimulation pulses to the muscles and was capable of computing discharge current of muscles at soon intervals. In 1856 Rudolph von Koelliker and Heinrich Muller recorded an action potentialon the spotaneous overcome heart. But the major development came in 1872 when French physicist Gabriel Lippmann introduced a hairlike electrometer. This capillary electrometer was based on the principle of polarization and surface latent hostility. Structurally it was a slender glass tube with quicksilver-sulphuric acid base.The mercury meniscus stirred with the influx of electrical potential and was observable by a microscope. In 1893, Willem Einthoven who is considered as the inventor of modern electric cardiogram and its various principles use the term electrocardiogram at a conclave of the Dutch Medical Association. But major development occurred during the three geezerhood staring from 1901 when Einthoven dissatisfied with capillary electrometer and it slow response, designed a describe galvanometer.This galvanometer contained a twine eletromagnet to stimulate a magnetic flux, two meet poles, a quartz string between the two piece poles, peepholes in the two piece poles to observe the position of string. It further contained a lamp and quantify systen to examine the shadow of string at different time intervals. The incubus of this whole apparatus was ab turn out 600 pounds. He further modified the string galvanometer to invent a more effective electrocardiograms.However in 1902, Einthoven brought out the first electrocardiogram that was recorded on his string galvanometer. This was a elephantines leap in the history of bio-medical. In order to produce string galvanometer on commercial level, Einthoven discussed the possibilities with Horace Darwin of Cambridge Scientific Instruments Company of London. So this event made the electrocardiogram to come out of experimentation and to be apply in medical profession. Einthoven, in 1906, circulated the first presentation electrocardiograms recorded with a string galvanometer.These electrocardiograms included the specimen of left and right ventricular and atrial, atrial flutter, ventricular premature beats etc. In 1910, Horatio Williams who was professor at Cornell University Medical College, New York issued electrocardiograms of patient that manifest atrial and ventricular ectopics, ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation that were recorded in hospital using a complex system of cables. This was first large-scale use of electrocardiograms in the hospitals.With the climax and introduction of vacuum tubes, the electric galvanometer was further modified and improved. In 1926, Ernestine and Levine used these vacuum tubes to produce enlarged images. Cathode rays tube further helped to produce movable electrocardiograms. Today electrocardiograms works on the same principles that were devised Einthoven in the first ten-spot of 20th century.ReferencesBurchell HB. A centennial note on Waller and the first adult male electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1987 59979-983 Burch, G.E. A History of Electrocardiography. Chicago. Year defend Medical. 1964. Burnett J. The origins of the electrocardiograph as a clinical instrument. Medical History tack 5 1985, 53-76. Published as a monograph. The emergence of modern cardiology. Bynum WF, Lawrence C, Nutton V, eds. Wellcome institute for the History of Medicine1985. Fye WB. A history of the origin, evolution, and impact of electrocardiography. Am J Cardiol 199473937-949 Plonsey, R. Bioelectric Phenomenon. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1972.